Greece: Deal or no deal?
It is with a real sense of déjà vu that the term “Grexit” meaning a Greek exit from the eurozone is being discussed. Back in 2011 and 2012, it was the centre of market attention until a series of bailouts and the promised intervention of the European Central Bank (ECB) diffused the crisis, not only for Greece, but also for Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy. But only the crisis on financial markets was resolved. The Greek economy has been in a depression for many years with the real value of economic activity some 25% lower today than in 2008. This is in part because of the state being forced to run sustained large budget surpluses as part of its bailout obligations. In other words, the state is taking more out of the economy through taxes than it is putting back through spending. The required surpluses have almost no precedent in history. As the economy has shrunk, the debt-to-GDP ratio has increased, rather than fallen.